What are the potential outcomes of fetal exposure to smoking during pregnancy?

Fetal exposure to smoking during pregnancy can lead to significant adverse outcomes, among which ectopic pregnancy and preterm delivery are notable risks. Smoking is known to impair blood flow to the placenta, which can contribute to both the positioning of the placenta and its overall health, leading to complications such as ectopic pregnancies, where the embryo implants outside of the uterus. Additionally, the toxic substances in cigarettes can also induce complications that trigger preterm labor, resulting in early delivery before the pregnancy reaches full term.

The other options present outcomes that are not supported by research on the effects of smoking during pregnancy. For instance, increased fertility and improved fetal growth contradict established findings, as smoking is associated with reduced fertility and adverse effects on fetal development. Enhanced placental function is similarly inaccurate, as smoking generally hinders rather than enhances placental health. The recognition of smoking's detrimental impacts on pregnancy outcomes is crucial for advising expectant mothers and promoting healthier gestational environments.